The Construction of the Postmodern Subject in Professional Writing

Entering the time of postmodernism, all circles of social and political life have been influenced by this development, including music, craftsmanship, writing, and instruction (Woods 9). Because of the presence of the Internet, the way toward composing has likewise experienced noteworthy changes. It has gotten reliant from the PC screen being another option, postmodern strategy for information procurement and expert composition. In this regard, the issue of subjectivity has significantly added to the development of the postmodern subject.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The Construction of the Postmodern Subject in Professional Writing explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More furthermore, the postmodern development has likewise influenced the style and character of the composing type, making it increasingly dubious and objective. The postmodern subject, subsequently, is presently progressively centered around the association among subjectivity and pr inted practice. The presence of the alleged trendy expressions as the aftereffect of the internet expansion has adjusted the elements of writings that impressively influenced the development of the postmodern subject. Specifically, the electronic content has become the ideological supporting of the virtual existence where individuals go about as anecdotal characters (Lee n. p.) By changing the nature and the character of composing and content introduction, the matter of postmodern subject has experienced impressive changes too. To be progressively exact, the belief system of the internet gave new methodologies and strategies to talking about various part of political and public activity (Turkel 155). In addition, the unrest of PC innovation has likewise affected the nature and the character of the subject arrangement (Bolter 16).Therefore, while developing the postmodern subject, the consideration is bolted on unveiling the association of this present reality and the virtual world. Thinking about the issues of character in postmodern period, the subject development is to a great extent foreordained by the mutilated personalities made in the internet. In this regard, the internet way of life as the premise of building a postmodern subject mutilates the current reality. Because of the way that language in the internet likewise serves to cover the truth, the progressions happened to it additionally create an extensive move and developing an importance and subject of expert composition (Warschauer n.p). The ascent of postmodern time has affected the language and presented new topical zones for conversation. The development of postmodern subject is, along these lines, firmly associated with annihilation of authentic implications (Lyotard 154.). Despite the fact that the reasons and shows of importance development are still connected with uncovering the point, the presentation of postmodern effect has changed the semantic grounds of topical composition (Dowson and E arnshaw 3). Specifically, the primary topic of postmodernism is limited to connecting among subjectivity and printed practice.Advertising Looking for article on history? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This contentions lead to the making of postmodern subject that repudiate the undeniable realities by creating the thoughts that item to the self-evident (Lyotard 129). It ought to likewise be noticed that the postmodern composition and postmodern content specifically has now procured the new significance and capacities. As to this, the postmodern subject is nothing more except for semantic stunt specifying various segments that sometimes fall short for one another and, in this manner, can't be assembled into a cognizant entire (Dowson and Earnshaw 60). All in all, the issue of subject development in postmodern time is fundamentally foreordained by the presentation of the internet correspondence. Specifically, the way to deal with proficient composing is regularly guided by the adjustments presented by online correspondence and the web. The issue is that the postmodern subject is worried about uncovering the thoughts that frequently articles to the real world, which is regularly clarified by over the top use of the Internet. Furthermore, impressive move in significance fundamentally impacts the expert composition and development of postmodern subject development. It has gotten concentrated on the association between the subjectivity development and literary practice. Works Cited Bolter, Tay David. The Computer as a New Writing Space. Composing Space: The Computer, Hypertext, and the History of Writing. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991, pp. 15-31. Dowson, Jane, and Earnshaw, Steven. Postmodern subjects, postmodern writings. Rodopi, 1995. Lee, Erik Chia-yi. Thinking Cyber-Subjectivity: Ideology and the Subject. Branch of Foreign Languages and Literatures. Web. https://web.archive.org/web/201 60103053908/http://www.isoc.org/inet96/procedures/e3/e3_4.htm Lyotard, Jean-Francois. The Postmodern clarified: correspondence, 1982-1985. US: University of Minnesota Press, 1993.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The Construction of the Postmodern Subject in Professional Writing explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Turkle, Sherry. Life on the Screen: Identity in the age of the Internet. NJ: Simon Schuster, 1995. Warschauer, Mark. Language, Identity, and the Internet. Race in Cyberspace. US: University of California, 2000. Woods, Tim. Starting Postmodernism. US: Manchester University Press, 1999. This exposition on The Construction of the Postmodern Subject in Professional Writing was composed and presented by client Yasmin Mendoza to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

Australian Consumer Law Consumers Rights

Question: Examine about theAustralian Consumer Law for Consumers Right. Answer: Issues There was a legally binding greeting given by Nikhils Car Sales Pty Limited to Vanessa. The cost of the vehicle is $9,900. Vanessa consents to get it for $9,500 in real money. In the workplace a deal archive is readied and a duplicate of the money deals at $9,500 is given to Vanessa. There was a composed agreement among Nikhil and Vanessa and Nikhil didn't give the guarantee card when Vanessa purchased the vehicle. Agreement without guarantee is made so there is commitment with respect to Nikhil concerning whether there is an infringement in the agreement and if Nikhil is penetrating the principles of buyer rights act in the given case (Griggs, 2011). The issue emerges in light of the fact that guarantee card was not conveyed by Nikhil to Vanessa. The agreement has issue since all the components were appropriately not found here. The inquiries emerge: Is the agreement has made appropriately? Will contention ascend against this case? Law The agreement can be dropped if there are uncalled for terms and the court can proclaim the case unconscionable. On the off chance that there is an awkwardness morally justified of the gathering which emerges under the agreement, the court pronounces the agreement as uncalled for or unconscionable. It isn't fundamental for a gathering to ensure the real interests of the gathering which would be advantaged by the term. There would be a hindrance to a gathering in the event that it depends on the agreement. The Australian Consumer Law ensures that the merchant can sell the merchandise just if the products are of satisfactory quality and match their depiction and fit the motivation behind the buyer (Radan, et al. 2009). The administrations ought to be taken care of with sensible ability and care and the administrations are finished inside a sensible time of no concurred date. Here according to contract law of Australia, the agreement rules are not satisfied and the guarantee isn't given to Vanessa by Nikhil which is infringement of rules of an understanding. For instance the case like Oscar Chess Ltd v Williams Case is like this situation where the proprietor of the recycled vehicle will in general sell the vehicle expressing that it is a model of 1948. The agreement occurred between the vendor and the vender however the seller became mindful that the vehicle is a model of 1939. The vendor sued the vender yet under law, it was the issue of the seller since he didn't check the state of the vehicle. The case is like the instance of Nikhil and Vanessa to a degree because of the casualty being delude in light of their recklessness and it isn't enforceable in both these cases. Absence of legitimate thought and nearness of components of the agreement demonstrated that the agreement isn't enforceable. Application The Australian Consumer Law incorporates that the vender should settle on sure the lay of understanding is in the composition. The Australian Consumer Law expresses that a shopper may end a lay-by understanding whenever before the products are conveyed and the dealer ought not end the understanding with the exception of specific conditions. There is absence of essence in the components, conditions which are deluding done by the vender while he offers the vehicle to Lara. There is an offer, legitimate goal, and acknowledgment after a legally binding greeting yet thought and guarantee, terms and conditions is absent so the agreement isn't enforceable under law (Latimer, 2012). As indicated by section 5 of Trade Practices act 1974, business exchange forms are not trailed by Nikhil which is the penetrate of Fair Works Act. As indicated by the Trade Practice Act the standards of business programs and the techniques to sell the vehicle by giving legitimate basics are not given by Vanessa and Nikhil. Under the Consumer Rights Act, Vanessa can sue Nikhil (Steinwall, et al. 2010). Ends There is an infringement of the guidelines of the Consumer Competition Act, Contract Act and Trade practice Act of Australia as the dealer has not kept up the standards of the agreement and for the explanation the agreement isn't enforceable under the law. Issues A greeting of treat is given by Nikhils vehicle deals Pty Ltd and highlights of the 3 model Mazda is depicted whose cost is $9,999. The offer was counter offered by Vanessa and the cost fixed at $9,500. A deal understanding was made between both the gatherings. Issue emerges on the grounds that the guarantee card isn't conveyed to Vanessa. Hence the agreement isn't enforceable. All the components, for example, offer, acknowledgment and greeting of treat are referenced however the terms and guarantee of the agreement isn't referenced here. The vehicle is second hand, so following three months the vehicle was sneaking out of the rigging when she gave it for overhauling the programmed grip of Mazda 2 was in rough shape. The vender distorted Vanessa by selling a vehicle which is exceptionally old and harmed. Distortion has happened for this situation. The inquiry emerges: Under customary law in what capacity can the vender rebuffed? What are the techniques through which Vanessa can sue Nikhil for distorting her? Laws Under customary law of Australia it is the privilege of Vanessa to request the receipt of the item conveyance and the guarantee card while she is doing deal with Nikhil. Each item has a request number and different things which was deficient if there should arise an occurrence of the vehicle Mazda 2. According to customary law buyer ensure, shopper commitments, condition subtleties of the vehicle. However, the merchant has done misrepresentation with the purchaser by not delivering the item conditions letter and guarantee and selling her second hand harmed vehicle. According to Common law of Australia he can be asked punishment from court (www.victorialawfoundation.org.au, 2016). Application The purchaser or the offended party can ask money related harms as indicated by Consumer rights act. According to Common law Vanessa can ask financial pay, harms, substitution of the material or discount from the merchant. According to courts request the respondent will undoubtedly give remuneration nad on the off chance that he don't comply with the request, at that point according to area 181 of customer insurance act he can be detained under law (Steinwall, et al, 2010). End The privileges of the precedent-based law is expressed her through which the offended party can guarantee for pay from the litigant and according to courts request the cure must be given by Nikhil to Vanessa. Issues Deals understanding occurred among Nikhil and Vanessa yet commitment emerges as the guarantee card or assurance isn't given. Indeed, even the break of agreement law and customer law has done. Issue emerges on the grounds that the vehicle got harmed following 3 months and Vanessa needs to languish over that. The inquiry emerges: What discipline ought to be granted to the respondent? According to which act the offended party can request the rights from the respondent? Laws As indicated by the Australian Consumer Law, it is precluded to deceive the purchaser and unlawful in offering expressions in the exchange of business which can delude the purchaser. On the off chance that the vender neglects to reveal important data, it can likewise deceive the purchaser. Under Australian Consumer Law, merchants ought to make up for the purchaser because of the loss of harm endured because of flexibly of products with a wellbeing imperfection. Activities could likewise be brought upon by implementation offices in the interest of the influenced purchaser (Ramsay, 2012). Item Safety Law alludes to item related administrations in the Australia. The Australian Consumer Law diagrams the duties of the venders under the national item wellbeing system. Vanessa ought to keep the principles of Consumer Rights Act (Ellinghaus, 2007). As indicated by Consumer Protection Act and Consumer Rights Act the buyer can guarantee fiscal remuneration from the dealer for misdirecting or doing distortion with her. According to area 18 of Consumer rights act with the lawful notice of section 3 the vehicle sold b y Nikhil is spontaneous acceptable and for doing deception with Vanessa, he needs to give financial harm to Vanessa. As indicated by Australian Consumer rivalry act under segment 52 fiscal harms can be asked by Vanessa from Nikhil and he can be detained under criminal lead for selling spontaneous item and on the off chance that he can't pay the money related harms according to customer rivalry act (Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, 2012). For instance, a businessperson offered a cell phone to a purchaser and following two days the purchaser found that the telephones speaker isn't working and it demonstrates that he is distorted purposefully by the dealer and under customer rights act asserting for discount and overhauling of the portable is the duty of the merchant and else he will be granted discipline by court under sec 232 of Consumer rights act. Application According to part 4 of Australian Consumer law Nikhil case falls under criminal offense. The offended party (Vanessa) can request cure from the respondent (Nikhil). The cures can be supplanting with liberated from cost, fix and discount. As per segment 232 of Consumer Rights Act and under deception act and under segment 52 of buyer finishing act Nikhil can be detained by court on the off chance that he doesnt give fiscal remuneration to Vanessa (Legistation Australian customer law, 2016). End There segments of ACL (Australian Consumer Law) and the system of taking cure by the offended party from the respondent are referenced here appropriately. For this situation the respondent has done deceitfulness and he ought to be rebuffed under law for abusing the Consumer law. References Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. (2012).Consumers' privileges commitments. [online] Available at: https://www.accc.gov.au/business/treating-clients reasonably/buyers rights-commitments [Accessed 15 Sep. 2016]. Ellinghaus, M. (2007). Australian cases on contract. [Melbourne, Vic.?]: Code Press. Griggs, L.D., (2011). Australian Consumer Law-A diagram, unreasonable agreements, customer assurances and cures. In Australian Consumer Law (pp. 1-9). Latimer, P., (2012). Australian Business Law 2012. CCH Australia Limited. Enactment Australian Consumer Law(2016) Consumerlaw.gov.au https://consumerlaw.gov.au/the-australian-cons

How Harm Reduction Works in Substance Use

How Harm Reduction Works in Substance Use Addiction Drug Use Print How Harm Reduction Works With Substance Use By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 07, 2020 Sporrer/Rupp/Cultura/Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Harm reduction is a proactive approach to reducing the damage done by alcohol, drugs, and other addictive behaviors, as well as addressing broader health and social issues, such as HIV transmission. The term harm reduction can be used to describe the philosophical beliefs that underlie strategies and programs, or it can be used to describe the strategies and programs on which it is based. Often, harm reduction strategies are used in conjunction with other approaches, which require abstinence. Does Harm Reduction Encourage Drug Use? A common misconception about harm reduction is that it condones or encourages drug use. Many advocates of harm reduction also support the goal of people working towards abstinence from alcohol, drugs, and addictive behaviors, but recognize that for many people, this process takes time. In the interim period, while the person is still drinking, using drugs, or engaging in other addictive behaviors, both they and the people around them are vulnerable to harm. Examples of harm reduction in action include the following. Drinking and Driving Laws While it is well known that even small amounts of alcohol can affect peoples ability to drive safely, driving and driving laws allow drivers to have a small amount of alcohol in their bloodstream. The focus is not on eliminating alcohol use from drivers completely but setting a limit over which the greatest risk of causing a serious accident is defined. Drinking and driving laws do not encourage drinking; they actually discourage it. But they accept the reality that many people will drink to some extent before driving, and that the overall harm to society is lessened by focusing attention on the worst offenders. The Dangers of Drinking and Driving Needle Exchange Services Injecting drugs such as heroin is illegal, yet harm reduction advocates for clean needles to be provided to drug users free of charge. This is because there is more harm caused to individual drug users, the health care system, and society as a whole if injection drug users pass HIV and hepatitis to each other through sharing needles. Needle exchange programs do not encourage drug use. In fact, they are usually the first point of contact for drug users to access addiction treatment services. These programs accept the fact that many people will inject drugs whether they have clean needles or not and prefer that they do not get ill and die as a result of infection. Safe Injection Facilities Safe injection sites go a step further than needle exchange services by providing a safe space in which people can inject drugs, clean needles and injection equipment, and supervision of the injection process by medical staff. In addition to the harm reduction goals of needle exchange services, i.e. reducing transmission of HIV, hepatitis, and other infections and damage caused by unclean equipment being used for injecting, safe injection rooms offer a safe space and immediate help if an overdose occurs. Safe injection facilities do not encourage drug useâ€"they provide a connection between the most vulnerable drug users and treatment services, such as detox. And they save lives that would otherwise be lost to drugs. Free Condoms Sex can be an addictive behavior, and it can lead to unplanned pregnancy, but the main reason that free condoms are sometimes provided as a harm reduction service is to reduce the transmission of STDs, specifically HIV. Condom Programs Promote Safe Sex Free condoms are not distributed to encourage people to have sex. Programs that distribute them recognize that people have unprotected sex for many different reasons and that factors such as embarrassment and poverty may get in the way of purchasing condoms. By providing free condoms, these services help prevent a lot of illnesses and problems associated with unprotected sex. How Sex Can Become an Addiction

10 Facts About Primates

Death theme In the play Hamlet by Shakespeare - 1418 Words

Death has always been the most debated subject regarding humans belief. It is part of life, yet a mystery nobody has experienced to tell. It is said to drive peoples actions, however Death is still a mystery as the whole human race still wonders how it acts on peoples lives and what is next after Death. In the play Hamlet, Shakespeare uses the theme of Death to drive the characters actions, and portrays the tragedy through their dialogues and significant symbols to create a tragic atmosphere. The first sign of Death is the appearance of King Hamlets ghost. The play is set only two months after his death, which is the lead for the events following in the play. He appeared at the platform before Elsinore castle as Horatio pictures, with†¦show more content†¦When Polonius is alive, Ophelia is absolutely obedient and dependent on him Ill teach you: think yourself a baby (I.iii.110 p1338). It is possible to say that Hamlet indirectly kills Ophelia through slaying Polonius. With her suicide, Laertes her brother is given even more reason to kill Hamlet. In the chain of Death, the following one is Laertess. He is driven to face his fate by Claudiuss manipulation and Hamlets carelessness. Hearing the news of Poloniuss death and his sisters going mad leading to her suicide; he goes mad and thirsts for Hamlets blood. However, just how Hamlet avenges his fathers death with the price of his life, Laertes too will avenge his family in exchange with his youth in the grave. Death itself is also presented through Hamlet the protagonist character. Although at first he fears Death, slowly he becomes the sword of Death; and then he becomes a represent of Death after killing Polonius and then in the graveyard scene in Act IV (Boyce, Hamlet 1). Hamlet fully realizes that everyones fate is death, regardless of status or wealth. He also realizes that no matter what a person does in life, in death, that person is merely nothing Your worm is your only emperor for diet: we fat all creatures else to fat us, and we fat ourselves for maggots: your fat king and your lean beggar is but variable service, ---two dishes, but to one table: thats the end (IV.iii.22-26 p1390). Or again in the graveyard, as he picks up the skull of Yorick hisShow MoreRelatedHamlet, By William Shakespeare996 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet, written by William Shakespeare, with out a doubt holds the most famous soliloquy in English history spoken by Hamlet in Act III, scene i, lines 57-90. This so liloquy holds much importance to the play as a whole because it ties together the reoccurring themes of suicide and Hamlet’s inaction portrayed by Shakespeare. Hamlet poses a problem, which is the driving force of the play: â€Å"To be or not to be?†(III.i.57). Shakespeare uses this logical question asked by Hamlet to drive out his underlyingRead MoreAct 3 Scene 1 Of William Shakespeare s Hamlet Essay947 Words   |  4 Pagesact 3 scene 1 of William Shakespeare â€Å"Hamlet† the main protagonist, Hamlet, recites a soliloquy â€Å"To be, or not to be.† Throughout his lines Hamlet explains the concept of suicide and why people choose to live long lives instead of ending their suffering. The main point he speaks on is the mystery of one’s afterlife, they never know for sure what happens when they die. For this reason, his speech does a good job highlighting the plays underlying themes of pervasiveness of death, and tragic dilemma, andRead MorePoison Motif Within Hamlet By William Shakespeare1227 Words   |  5 Pagesthroughout Hamlet The concept of poison is all around society: poisonous people, poisonous ideas, and poisonous environments; however, the poison in society cannot be avoided, it’s inevitable some would say. As Michael Uhl once put it â€Å"you’ve got to pick your poison†, and hope for the least of the evils, which unfortunately is not always the case. In Shakespeare s Hamlet, the motif of poison functions to be the symbol of corruption throughout the play that highlights the theme of death, madness,Read MoreLanguage Techniques in Hamlet by William Shakespeare Essay1087 Words   |  5 PagesLanguage Techniques in Hamlet by William Shakespeare Shakespeare used a variety of language techniques throughout Hamlet, which contribute to the themes in the play. They also help to add more meaning and understanding for the audience. Soliloquies, word play, symbols and other figurative language are some of these important techniques that enhance Hamlet. The way Shakespeare switches fromRead MoreHamlet Theme Of Death1278 Words   |  6 PagesWall of Death (A analysis of the theme of death in Hamlet, Acts 3-5) â€Å"The undiscovered country, from whose bourn No traveller returns, puzzles the will,† (Shakespeare 144 Act 3 scene 1 lines 86-87). The question that still plagues humanity today. What is after death, where do we go? No one of this earth can answer this question. In the play Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, the theme of death is one of the main themes of this famous play. The theme of death continues throughout the entire play fromRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet856 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is an American playwright and poet. He was born April 23, 1564 and died on the same day 52 years later on April 23, 1616. Throughout his life, he has accomplished many things. Some of his most famous works include but are not limited to Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, and Hamlet. For one of his famous works, Hamlet, Shakespeare uses plot to strengthen the point of corruption in the play. Another element used to further help the theme of the play is character. The final literary elementRead MorePerfect Idealism In Shakespeares Hamlet1631 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The play Hamlet is a fable of how the ghost of a slain king comes to haunt the living with disastrous consequences. A rancorous ghost and a brother s murder, lead the gloomy setting of Hamlet s Denmark. Hamlet story opens with an encounter between young Hamlet, his dad s ghost as well as the prince of Denmark. The ghost reveals to Hamlet that its murderer was his brother Claudius, who then rapidly wedded his widowed queen, Gertrude. As a result, the ghost presses Hamlet to seek vengeanceRead MoreEssay on Vengeance in Shakespeares Hamlet - The Theme of Revenge1162 Words   |  5 PagesThe Theme of Revenge in Hamlet    In Shakespeares tragedy,  Hamlet, the thoughts of revenge are introduced early in the play. At the end of the first act, Hamlet meets the ghost of his deceased father. He is brought to see him by Horatio and Marcellus, who saw the ghost yesternight (Shakespeare 1.2.190). During this exchange of words between the Ghost and Hamlet, the Ghost tells Hamlet, [s]o art thou to revenge, when thou shalt hear. (Shakespeare 1.5.5). He is telling Hamlet to listen closelyRead MoreEssay on Hamlet Metaphor1089 Words   |  5 Pagesexpressing a theme or concept in a literary work. This is the case in William Shakespeares Hamlet, a revenge tragedy that continually depicts the vibrant metaphors of manifesting corruption and festering disease in order to auger the impending calamities in the state of Denmark. Throughout Shakespeares play, there are successive images of deterioration, decay and death. These images are skilfully accomplished through the use of metaphors of rotting and dead gardens. Sh akespeare wonderfully createsRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1543 Words   |  7 PagesShakespeare’s play, The Tragedy of Hamlet, seems to have a domino effect. As Hamlet tries to get his revenge, he brings ruin upon the kingdom. Hamlet is self-doubtful; he doubts himself to a point where he does not know what is true in his life. He constantly contradicts himself, causing many people, whose death was unintended, to die. In Williams Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Hamlet, in order to portray Hamlet’s tragedy, Shakespeare uses soliloquies, metaphors, symbolism, and anti-thesis. Shakespeare utilizes

A Solution For South African Energy Crisis Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(71) " non hold big rivers that can be used to bring forth electricity with\." This study investigates assorted sustainable energy beginnings in order to set up which beginning would be most dependable to run into the electricity demand of South Africa. Hydro-energy, air current energy, ocean current energy and solar energy were studied. Although an substructure already exist, for air current energy the study concludes that solar energy would be the most dependable renewable energy beginning. We will write a custom essay sample on A Solution For South African Energy Crisis Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Modern societies across the Earth are dependent on the handiness of dependable electricity supply for the care of human and economical activities. Worldwide people are hence progressively concerned about the handiness and the sustainability of energy beginnings for the coevals of electricity. Presently in South Africa the topic â€Å" sustainable energy † is besides high on the docket. This study will look into the place of electricity supply in South Africa and the possible solution that sustainable energy beginnings might keep for South Africa. This study will foremost give a historical overview of the origin and the development of the electricity supply industry in South Africa. Then it will look briefly at the complex inquiries that electricity providers have to face. Finally the assorted types of sustanable energy applicable to South Africa, viz. hydroenergy, air current energy, ocean current energy and solar energy will be discussed. 2 Historic overview The history of the origin and development of the Southern African electricity supply industry is a absorbing topic. The proficient challenges, the interaction with Industry every bit good as political leaders is non new, but has been portion of electricity from the exchanging on of the first street visible radiations on the African continent in Kimberley on 1 September 1882, three yearss before the launching of the first commercial power station in New York. The history of sustainable energy in South Africa is in fact longer than most people would conceive of. Already in 1895 there were attempts to tap the hydro-energy potency of the Victoria Waterfalls. In 1895, forty old ages after Livingstone had discovered the Victoria Falls, Professor George Forbes arrived in Southern Africa. He was the interior decorator of the Niagara Falls Hydroelectric Power Station, which was at that clip the largest power strategy in the universe. With the Victoria Falls, non merely every bit broad as Niagara, but with dual the tallness, he could non neglect to be impressed by its possible as a hydroelectric strategy to provide the Witwatersrand with an abundant and inexpensive supply of electricity. Although the chief obstruction came in the signifier of the 1 000 kilometer distance over which the power had to be transmitted, a subordinate called the African Concession Syndicate was created in 1901. This mob was granted the exclusive right to tackle the Zambezi River for present and future hydroelectric power strategies. In malice of these readyings, the usage of H2O in the coevals of electricity would merely come much later ( Conradie A ; Messerschmidt, 2000 ) . 3 The complexnesss of electricity systems During the argument in the media around the current crisis a few affairs became clear. First, it is non widely understood that electricity can non be stored and in the instance of renewable energy beginnings, that becomes a major challenge. The 2nd complexness that was ( and still is ) non widely understood, is the complex workings of the electricity supply. The coevals of electricity from power Stationss which are largely situated in the northern inside of the sub-continent and conveyed to the client by manner of 28 000 kilometer of high electromotive force and 250 000 kilometer of lower electromotive force lines, is besides hard to understand. The reconciliation of changing supply and demand requires the changeless attending of the National Control Centre and if the demand outstrips the supply, it is possible to see entire electromotive force prostration, similar to the state of affairs in the north eastern American continent on 14 August 2003 when the consecutive tripping of power lines by trees under power lines in three different countries lead to a electromotive force prostration of the transmittal system. This plunged big metropoliss like New York and Washington in partial darkness and metropoliss like Toronto in entire darkness. The full Restoration of the power system took about a hebdomad to finish. The term â€Å" burden casting † ( besides non understood by most ) is used to denote the sloughing of burden or electricity demand in order to forestall the 50 Hz frequence from dropping excessively low, ensuing in under-frequency tripping of power Stationss and entire electromotive force prostration. 4 Sustainable energy For many old ages South Africa has been, and still is, bring forthing some of the cheapest electricity in the universe. This was mostly due to the handiness of really inexpensive low class coal. With the lifting demand in the remainder of the universe for that coal, South Africans will decidedly experience the pinch. Because of this state of affairs the natural response is to look at pull offing the demand for electricity every bit good as investigate renewable energy beginnings. As can be seen in Figure 1, a figure of sustainable energy beginnings have been identified in the universe. These beginnings can be classified harmonizing to the type of energy they produce. The challenge for South Africa is to use those beginnings most fitting for the fortunes here. Figure 1: Sustainable energy beginnings identified worldwide ( Beginning: Renewable energy. The possible and the restrictions. 2008. [ Online ] . Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fraw.org.uk. [ 2009, December 15 ] . ) Two chief issues need to be considered when looking at the viability of alternate energy beginnings. The first is of class the proficient feasibleness of the undertaking. The 2nd is the cost at which electricity can be produced by the alternate beginning. 5 Hydroenergy One of the most obvious renewable beginnings is hydroenergy. In many states, particularly in the Northern hemisphere, many electrical public-service corporations produce power in this manner. In the instance of South Africa, the state does non hold big rivers that can be used to bring forth electricity with. You read "A Solution For South African Energy Crisis Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" 6 Current usage of hydroenergy in South Africa At this phase Eskom operates a figure of pump storage strategies that pump H2O into keeping dikes during off-peak periods and usage that to bring forth power during extremum periods. As such this is non a renewable beginning as it uses electricity from dodo fuelled power Stationss for pumping H2O. 7 The Congo river as the energy provider for Southern Africa One instead ambitious undertaking that Eskom is presently involved in is to use the hydroenergy from the Congo River. Harmonizing to its inaugural one-year study, the Western Power Corridor ( PTY ) Ltd ( Westcor ) ( 2008 ) proposes to tap the rich, big graduated table renewable hydroresources of the Western, Central and Eastern Corridor of Southern Africa finally. When to the full tapped, the magnitudes will transcend 100GW. This joint venture between the take parting national state-owned electricity companies of Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Namibia and South Africa was signed on 7 September 2005 in Gabarone, Botswana. Harmonizing to Mr E Nelumba, Chairman of the Shareholders Steering Committee, Westcor was formed to develop the Western Power Corridor which includes the development of the 3 500 MW tally of river hydroelectric power works at Inga 3 in the Democratic Republic of Congo ( DRC ) . It will besides build power transmittal systems to incorporate with the national grids of the participating every bit good as the remainder of southern Africa. The concluding aspiration is to bring forth 10 000 MW at Inga 3. The Congo River has an estimated 100 000 MW capacity with 40 000 M3s per second and all possible sites are under examination to finally make the end of 50 000 MW of Grand Inga. This is larger than the sum installed capacity of the full Eskom system. Angola has besides indicated that their exploitable hydroelectric potency is about 18 000 MW of which merely 810 MW is presently used. One of the great challenges of this undertaking remains the transmittal of the power to the chief clients in the South. In order to reassign the power faithfully and economically it would be necessary to run the 4 000 kilometer power lines at electromotive force between 600 kilovolts and 1000 kilovolt. The engineering to be able to make this is still in its babyhood and is the topic of current research. To add to the quandary the environment that the proposed lines will track includes countries with some of the highest happening of veld fires and these have the ability to do breaks to the flow of power. 8 Wind energy The usage of air current as an energy beginning is likely one of the best known signifiers of renewable energy and successful commercial operations have been around for a long piece. Harmonizing to the IngenierbAA?ro fAA?r neue Energien air current coevals in Germany sums to 39 500 GWh ( Power in Europe, 2008 ) . This accounts for more than half of the renewable energy in that state. The universe ‘s entire installed capacity of air current generators was 94 GW at the terminal of 2007 ( Smit et Al, 2008 ) . 9 Wind turbines in usage presently Eskom commissioned three wind turbines between August 2002 and February 2003 at its Klipheuwel site North of Cape Town. Two Danish turbines and one French turbine, with a combined capacity of 3.16 MW, were installed to enable Eskom to compare the different design and operational features. To day of the month the installation has generated more than 15 GWh, which was fed into the grid at the Klipheuwel 11 kV/66kV substation ( Smit et Al, 2008 ) . The single power, responsibility rhythm and cost features of each of the turbines are being collected in a engineering matrix that will finally incorporate a suite of Renewable Energy engineering options, with air current being the first. The tower dynamic features and quiver status supervising baseline measurings every bit good as the interaction between the grid and the generators have already been done. The production analysis will be used in the future selling of green energy ( Smit et Al, 2008 ) . 10 Variability in available energy As with other signifiers of renewable energy, the variableness in the available energy is an issue that concerns the developers of these systems. Wind is no exclusion and in this instance an accurate finding of air current climatologies is required, based on several old ages of air current informations. A well-known survey carried out by Geernaert et Al ( 1988 ) used information of a 109 old ages ( between 1873 and 1982 ) and showed that fluctuations of up to 30 % from the average value can be expected from one decennary to the following. This information is important if it is considered that the installation may hold a lifetime of 20 old ages and longer. The available air current energy is of class besides influenced by topographical factors every bit good as variableness in air current speed due to height fluctuations. This makes the pick of the appropriate site a really of import issue. 11 The hereafter of air current energy With the valuable research done at Klipheuwel the hereafter for air current coevals seems bright. Eskom announced the building of a 100 MW installation on the West Coast close to Koekenaap in 2007. The EIA and commercial activities are good underway and building is planned to get down tardily in 2008. The installation will dwell of approximately 50 units runing between 1.5 to 2.5 MW and will be integrated into the 132 kilovolt system at Eskom ‘s Juno or Koekenaap substations. Based on the variableness discussed above and an energy use factor of 26 % , the installation is expected to bring forth 2 28G Wh per annum ( Smit et Al, 2008 ) . Based on old experience the building of the installation will take about one twelvemonth to finish. 12 Ocean current energy The energy fluxes of the oceans have attracted the attending of applied scientists for a long clip and include the assorted signifiers. 13 Continual moving ridge gesture The continual moving ridge gesture that can power coevals devices. One illustration is the US $ 29.5m experimental installation of Scots Power at the Orkney Islands ( Power in Europe, 2008 ) . The Pelamis system consists of four elephantine metal â€Å" sausages † , each 450 m long, bobbing on the moving ridges and each bring forthing 750 KW by turning the gesture into electricity via the pumping of hydraulic fluid through the articulations. By some estimations Scotland should be able to bring forth every bit much as 1 300 MW by 2020. 14 Tidal energy The gravitative forces of the Sun and Moon consequence in the surface of the sea changing by about 2 m. This consequence can be amplified by up to 11 m due to the effects of bays and channels. It is this energy that is used by systems such as the tidal energy works at La Range in France with a capacity of 240 MW. 15 Salinity differences Although the salt differences between the ocean H2O and fresh overflow represent differences in chemical potency which may be harnessed through a suited membrane, this has merely been demonstrated on a little graduated table. 16 Thermal differences The thermic differences between surface and deep H2O can be every bit much as 15 grades and a heat engine can be used to bring forth power. This construct, referred to as Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion ( OTEC ) has, nevertheless, a thermodynamic efficiency of merely 8 % and Eskom is presently measuring the usage of cold deep H2O as a coolant for coastal power Stationss, where its efficiency will be higher. 17 Fast fluxing ocean currents The fast flowing western boundary ocean currents can hold speeds of up to 2.5 m/s which could supply a beginning of comparatively high power denseness for power coevals although there are no commercial undertakings presently under development. Eskom is actively involved in research on this topic. 18 Energy denseness of H2O Because the energy denseness of a medium is straight relative to its denseness and is a map of the speed cubed, the energy denseness for H2O is far higher compared to weave at comparable speeds. The denseness of H2O is about two orders of magnitude higher than that of air. This means that an ocean current is far more fecund as a resource compared to onshore air current. Due to the rough environment demands on an ocean current generator, it is assumed that for a commercially feasible undertaking, the energy denseness should be dual of that required of air current. This implies that currents with speeds of at least 1,5 m/s need to be found. 19 Solar energy Southern Africa has over many old ages used the copiousness of sunlight to market the state as â€Å" Sunny South Africa † . It is hence non surprising that this signifier of energy is regarded by some as the chief beginning that can significantly act upon Eskom ‘s supply side. 20 Solar panels The work about solar panels both photovoltaic and solar H2O warmers are good known and late Prof Vivian Alberts of the University of Johannesburg announced a discovery in the production of a new photovoltaic panel that will be up to 50 % cheaper than anything else on the market ( Venter, 2007 ) . 21 Concentrated Solar Power ( CSP ) Another exciting and advanced usage of solar power is presently being investigated by Eskom. The engineering referred to as concentrated Solar Power ( CSP ) uses sun energy to heat a mixture of 60 % Sodium Nitrate ( NaNo3 ) and 40 % Potassium Nitrate ( KNO3 ) to a temperature of 565A °C. CSP is besides regarded as the lone large-scale renewable engineering with proved energy storage. The heat energy can be stored for up to 14 hours and is used to bring forth steam for the 100 MW reheat steam turbine at a unrecorded steam force per unit area of 125 saloon. This means that the works will be able to bring forth power for a full 24 hours during the summer solstice. An mean expected burden factor of 70 % is expected. 22 Decision As the demand for electricity rises, a more sustainable energy beginning to replace the dodo fuel energy beginning was investigated. In South Africa research has been done in both the engineering and tackling electricity from renewable energy beginnings. The study showed that hydro energy, weave energy, ocean current energy and solar energy were investigated. Due to the changeless sunlight in South Africa, it appeared like solar energy would be the most dependable energy beginning. How to cite A Solution For South African Energy Crisis Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Rhetorical Analysis of Frederick Douglass Autobiogrophy free essay sample

Frederick Douglass’s life narrative provides a look in on slavery by someone who was directly affected. Because many masters believed that teaching their slaves to read and write, â€Å"would spoil the best nigger in the world,† (Douglass 5) not many slaves were able to write their story for the future to see. Douglass’s perspective is a once and a lifetime look into how slavery affected an intelligent slave who knew how to both read and write. Unfortunately for him Douglass’s growing understanding was a curse rather than a blessing. As his intellect expanded, his misery deepened as well and his lack of freedom began to bother him. Douglass shows his expanding sorrow, using tone, imagery and selection of detail. Through the these ten pages of the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, the struggle between accepting a harsh truth and the desire to return to the bliss of ignorance is apparent. We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Analysis of Frederick Douglass Autobiogrophy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He would have been much happier if he had been stupid. This excerpt of Frederick Douglass’s life narrative didn’t have one consistent tone. Rather, he has three most noticeable changes in his inflection. In the beginning of the excerpt (pages 2-3), his tone is very ‘matter of fact’. He tells the reader about what it was like on a slave plantation but doesn’t tell the reader, how he felt about it. For example, Douglass discusses the allowances the slaves received, and says, â€Å"slaves received, as their monthly allowance of food, eight pounds of pork, or its equivalent in fish , and one bushel of corn meal. † (Douglass 2), however he doesn’t tell the reader if it was enough or not, or if he went to bed hungry, or not, at night. This emotion-lacking first part took a drastic turn as page 4 came along, and Douglass tells the reader the bitter anguish that were in the songs slaves sung, and that (even though he previously did not understand them) the sadness that resonated within him as he thought about them. He finally gives an effect of slavery at this point when he calls it ‘soul-killing’, just based of the melancholy songs sung by slaves. As he became older, and more intelligent, these meaning of these songs which he were previously, â€Å"beyond my feeble comprehension,† (Douglass 4) became apparent, deepening the effect of his curse. Finally, the last tone change in the passage was into anger. On page 9 Douglass says, â€Å"The more I read, the more I was led to abhor and detest my enslavers. I could regard them in no other light than a band of successful robbers, who had reduced us to slavery† (Douglass 9). The more Douglass read, the more aware of how unfair slavery was, and the more he began to detest the predicament he was in. If he wasn’t as intelligent, and had only experienced a life that was his own (and not the lives of those in his books) he would be more ignorant to freedom, and in turn happier. Imagery, is one of the most important tools an author can use. Whether to visualize a setting, or to show emotion, imagery allows the reader to have a picture of what is happening in their head. Without, an image of what’s going on, the reader is stuck with a bunch of words that don’t mean as much. One type of imagery, that Douglass uses fantastically is emotional imagery. In the paragraph where Douglass first switches tone he states that, â€Å"while I am writing these lines, an expression of feeling has already found its way down my cheek. † (Douglass 4). What this means is that a tear began to run down his face, but the way it is said is so much more profound and appeals to pathos much better. The next type of imagery Douglass uses is tactile imagery, making an image of touching something. After having explained how the slaves in the city were generally treated much better than in the country, Douglass points out that there were still pockets of slave owners who treated their slaves poorly. He described the young female slaves in the neighborhood who were constantly being beaten by their mistress as having cut up shoulders and a head where he could feel festering sores. With his increased intelligence at this point, he understands how there is a difference in the treatment of people based on their surroundings and how unjust it all is. Douglass points out details throughout the narrative that make huge impacts on the reader. One such case is when he talks about Mr. Hopkins taking over for Mr. Severe on the plantation. Douglass contrasts Mr. Hopkins from Mr. Severe by saying â€Å"He was less cruel, less profane and made less noise than Mr. Severe He whipped, but he seemed to take no pleasure in it. † (Douglass 3). Yes, despite still having an overseer that whipped the slaves, they described him as a â€Å"good overseer. † This impacts the reader because it seems that anyone who would whip someone is a bad person, however, Frederick Douglass and the other slaves didn’t know anything other than his experience with Mr. Severe. Douglass details his anguish in becoming more aware of a life outside of slavery, where he wishes he didn’t know any better than most of the other slaves. He notes that â€Å"I often found myself regretting my own existence, and wishing myself dead; and but for the hope of being free I have no doubt that I should have killed myself. † (Douglass 9). For having just learned how to read, and understanding what might be if he were free, he was very quickly reaching the point of depression with no freedom in sight. Frederick Douglass was afflicted with his curse of intelligence at a very young age. While it may not seem like a curse in the traditional sense, for a slave the understanding of the reality of your situation is worse than being ignorant to the possibility of freedom. So, would Frederick Douglass have been happier if he hadn’t learned how to read and write? Perhaps, as he may have enjoyed the experience of having a kind mistress without being reprimanded for trying to learn and having a better lot than most slaves did in the country. However, without having learned to read and write, he would not have been able to learn about the Abolitionist movement, gain his freedom and ultimately enjoy a high level of personal satisfaction.